পঞ্চকোষ তত্ত্ব: Pancha Kosha
Advaita Vedanta uses a model “Pancha Kosha” to illustrate the successive layers of identification which obscure our real nature.
“Pancha Kosha theory” has been explained in the second chapter “Ananda Valli” section of Taittiriya Upanishad. Also, in the book “Pancha Dashi” written by great Advaita scholar Swami Vidyaranya, the topic “Pancha Kosha Viveka has been explained in the third chapter.
The sole purpose of the text “Pancha Kosha” is to understand “ Who am I?”. This text will reveal the ultimate Truth and finally help us to have “Self-Realization”
The opening sentence of Taittiriya Upanishad , Section-2 is “Satyam jnanam anantam Brahman” which literarily means the knower of Brahman attains the Supreme.
Let us know about the five sheaths that surround our true essence.
[SHEATHE means KOSHA in Sanskrit ]
According to Taittiriya Upanishad, our true essence is covered by these sheathes in the same way that a scabbard encloses the blade of sword. Self is hidden behind the mask of the personality. Concept of whole of this Five Sheaths model is highly symbolic and metaphorical. Five sheaths are as follows:- 1) AnnaMaya Kosha 2) Prana Maya Kosha 3) ManoMaya Kosha 4) VijnaMaya Kosha 5) AnandaMaya Kosha
The First Layer: “AnnaMaya Kosha”(অন্নময়কোষ) :
The first layer, the grossest one with which we first identify ourselves as the body, is made up of food and known as “AnnaMaya Kosha” (অন্নময়কোষ). The body takes birth, grows old, dies and decays back into the food from which it was produced. This has nothing to do with the real “Self”. This body alone is not the “Self”.
The Second layer: “Prana Maya Kosha”(প্রানময়কোষ)
This is vital life force for which the body is animated, and actions are performed. This layer is made of “Prana” the breathe which is known as “PranaMaya Kosha”(প্রানময়কোষ). We are multilayered being, composed of physical body, subtle body, and causal body . The first mentioned sheath, the AnnaMaya Kosha is permeated by four Koshas. The next layer the Second layer is “Prana Maya Kosha”. The AnnaMaya Kosha is the effect of Prana. Prana Maya Kosha controls AnnaMaya Kosha.
“Prana” is vital energy and invisible to us. It is like Electric Power ,which gives life to the machines and machines run, animates. Same way this vital energy “Prana” animates us, the live bodies. It runs the 1st layer the Physical body. This prana is external to further subtler energy which is Mind. The mind is so subtle and transparent, that mind can reflect consciousness.
Prana (Breath) is verily the life of beings and hence it is called the Universal life. It is matter of common knowledge that life becomes possible only so long as the vital energy keeps the different organs of the organism alive. ” Though this vital life force makes the body animated and actions are performed but this is not the “Real Self“. This Prana Maya Kosha separates life from death once the “Prana” leaves the body. This sheath is composed of five Pranas (prana, Udana, Vyana, Samana, Apana). These pranas have their own importance to operate The Body perfectly. Through practice of Pranayama (pranayama is breathing exercise, part of Yoga as described in the ancient texts) , we can transcend to the next layer “ManoMaya Kosha”(মনোময়কোষ). But this is not the real Self.
পঞ্চ প্রাণ |Pancha Prana
The Third layer: – “ManoMaya Kosha”(মনোময়কোষ)
This Self is embodied in the previous one (Prana) which is the mental sheath consisting of the thinking mind. This MIND (Manas” মন”) and the organs of perception is known as “ManoMaya Kosha”(মনোময়কোষ). This is the sheath which limits us and blocks us to go beyond.
Pancha Koshas(FIVE SHEATHS) can be divided into the three bodies: These three bodies are the objects of experience in deep sleep, dream and waking conditions, respectively. It is the causal body that is experienced in deep sleep. The subtle body in dream and the physical body in waking condition.
Three bodies are as follows:– A) The gross body “Sthula sarira”=(~ স্থুল শরীর ) consists of first layer AnandaMaya Kosha. B) The Subtle body “Sukshma sarira”( সূক্ষ্ম শরীর) consists of Pranayama Kosha, ManoMaya Kosha and VijnaMaya Kosha. Also known as Astral body. C) The causal body “Karana sarira”(~ কারণ শরীর) consists of AnandaMaya Kosha. This Self is embodied in the previous one (Prana) which is the mental sheath consisting of the thinking mind. This MIND (Manas” মন”) and the organs of perception is known as “ManoMaya Kosha”(মনোময়কোষ). This is the sheath which limits us and blocks us to go beyond. This Kosha is powerful because bondage and liberation depends on the mind. It pervades the Prana Maya Kosha. Basically, this body is consisting of Mind through which we perceive the world via five agents (sense organs).Mind functions in three levels. 1. Conscious mind 2. Subconscious mind 3. Unconscious mind.
All the above three minds are subsets of Universal mind.
Human being is stuck in this sheath as always people are abducted by the mind (monkey mind). In the Patanjali yoga sutras 1.2 ” yoga is the stilling of modifications of mind’~” “yogass chitta vritti nirodaha”. When the fluctuations of mind are stilled, our true nature is revealed. We have then enough clarity to perceive the Self beyond the mind. Through pranayama and pratyahara (mental withdrawal of senses) we can pervade to the next layer. But this is not the real Self.
The Fourth layer:- VijnaMaya Kosha (বিজ্ঞানময় কোষ)
Beyond Mind (Manas~ Sanskrit word) there are higher levels of mind responsible for discriminations recognizing the truth and the false fruit real or unreal. In silence it knows without needing to think. This is intellect (buddhi~ Sanskrit word). This intellectual sheath is known as “VijnaMaya Kosha”.
VijnaMaya Kosha (~Buddhi) Sheath of wisdom. This is part of subtle body. When subtle body is disciplined, the physical body also becomes very healthy and strong. The mind which is ruler of the subtle body gets flattened by worldly affections, attachments, desires etc. Through practice mind comes under control by this sheath. This self is embodied in the previous one that is ManoMaya Kosha. But this is not the real Self.
I AM (the Real Self) the witness of this sheath.
Mind is mostly engaged with the first layer which is nothing but the body, the false identity with ego. It has a shape, size, name, fame everything. Very much visible to self, to inner self, outer self and to others of this samsara (সংসার). • The unwavering peace we seek is realized by experiencing the unlimited and eternal Peace that is our True Identity. Though obscured by ignorance, it exists within us, waiting to be revealed. This experience is enlightenment—Self-realization.{Experience to be gained with the help of 4th layer } • Self-realization can be attained by mastering the mind. Just as only a clean, undistorted mirror can reflect our face as it truly is, only a one-pointed and tranquil mind can part the veils of ignorance to reveal and reflect the Self. The effort to free the mind from the limitations of ignorance is a drama that has been repeated since time immemorial. But if the mind leads one towards the VijnaMaya Kosha by pervading itself, then what will happen? Let’s look beyond the mind. Beyond the mind (Manas), there are higher levels of mind responsible for discriminations, recognizing the truth and the false, real, or unreal. In silence it knows without needing to think which is intellect (Buddhi~বুদ্ধি). This intellectual sheath is known as “VijnaMaya Kosha “~sheath of wisdom.
Study of scriptures helps in realization of truth.
One must be equipped with necessary fourfold discipline:- 1. Discrimination between real (Nitya নিত্য~ eternal) and unreal (Anitya অনিত্য~transitory). 2. Renunciation of the unreal (Viraga~বৈরাগ্য) 3. Six-fold qualities. 4. Longing for liberation (Moksha ~মোক্ষ প্রাপ্তি : to escape from the cycle of births and deaths).
Atman (The Self) is our true identity. It is deathless, birthless, eternal and real for every individual. It is the unchanging reality (sat ~সৎ) behind the changing body, sense organs, mind, and ego. It is Spirit, which is pure Consciousness (চিত্) and is unaffected by time-space causality. It is infinite and it is ONE without the second. As the unchanging reality in the individual is known as Atman, same way the unchanging reality in the Universe is known as “BRAHMAN”. Vedanta says This BRAHMAN and ATMAN are one and the same. VijnaMaya Kosha consists of the intellect in conjunction with the five organs of knowledge (জ্ঞানেন্দ্রিয়).
The Fifth layer-“AnandaMaya Kosha(আনন্দময় কোষ )”
This Self is embodied in the previous one. The self-consisting of Bliss is filled by it. Here is the presence of most profound peace and silence when mind becomes “NO MIND”. This is State of Bliss
“Satyam jnanam anantam Brahman” which means “The knower of “BRAHMAN” attains the Supreme”. BRAHMAN is Truth, knowledge, and Infinity, which is our own very Self, the Atman. Brahman is not an object of knowledge. It is always witnessing subject. (দ্রষ্টা~The Seer). The Self is infinite. There is in fact no multiplicity or plurality in that ONE, Homogeneous Being, the Supreme Being and the Ultimate. Because of superimposition and our ignorance, we have forgotten our true nature. It alone exists as the illuminator. This “Atman” the Real “Self” in its glorious existence, reveals its own Sat-Chit nature which is Anandamaya. That is why this Sheath is referred to “Anandamaya Kosha”. Actually, this Five Sheath model as mentioned in Taittiriya Upanishad is just an idea for understanding the different levels of the Self. The eternal nature of Self is Bliss only.
Through identification of five layers or sheaths the Self is revealed. This reveals that:- “I AM NOT THE PHYSICAL BODY” “I AM NOT THE PRANA (BREATH)” “I AM NOT THE MIND” “I AM NOT THE INTELLECT (BUDDHI) “ “I AM ALSO NOT THE ANANDAMAYA KOSHA” too. ☆☆
Then who I AM?
☆☆ I am The Witness of these five sheaths.
Our true nature is beginning less, endless, non-dual, unbounded, ever free, pure, aware, Supreme Bliss. Due to ignorance known as Maya (Avidya), we pass through cycles of births and deaths and that is the cause of pain, sufferings, and miseries. Maya is compared as veil in Vedanta. The ignorance of the real nature of the Self constitutes this causal body or the seed-body. It projects the appearance of the whole Universe through the subtle sheath. This Anandamaya Kosha or the causal body is impersonal, formless, Universal, a blissful space usually identified within deep sleep (sushupti~সুসূপ্তি)
I am trying to project the concept through the figure drawn below:-
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