Ashtanga Yoga: Kriya Yoga Explained

Introduction

To practice Samadhi, an aspirant requires an advanced state of spiritual development. In my previous blogs, I discussed Ashtanga Yoga, an integrated method for attaining Samadhi. In this part of the series, we focus on another essential practice—Kriya Yoga, which serves as a foundational preparation for entering the state of Samadhi.

The second section of the Patanjali Yoga Sutras, known as Sadhana Pada, introduces Kriya Yoga as a structured approach to spiritual discipline. Maharshi Patanjali provides practical guidelines for establishing a strong foundation through Tapas (austerity), Svadhyaya (self-study), and Ishwara Pranidhana (surrender to the Supreme Being).

A crucial aspect of this section is the discussion of Kleshas, which represent pain, suffering, and mental obstacles that hinder spiritual progress. Pain may be physical or psychological, and overcoming these obstacles is essential for achieving Samadhi. In this article, we will explore:

• The definition and principles of Kriya Yoga (Sutra 2.1)

• The role of Tapas, Svadhyaya, and Ishwara Pranidhana in spiritual growth

• The five Kleshas (mental afflictions) that block the path to enlightenment

• How Kriya Yoga helps eliminate suffering and prepares the mind for Samadhi

By the end of this article, you will gain insights into how Kriya Yoga, as explained in the Patanjali Yoga Sutras, serves as a powerful tool for spiritual purification and inner transformation.

Recap: Ashtanga Yoga Series (Parts 1–5)

In the previous installments of this series, we explored the foundational principles of Ashtanga Yoga, as outlined in the Patanjali Yoga Sutras. Below is a structured summary of each part.

Part 1: Introduction to Patanjali Yoga Sutras

We began with an overview of the Patanjali Yoga Sutras, which present a systematic approach to eliminating suffering and attaining spiritual liberation. Maharshi Patanjali condensed the science of yoga into 196 sutras, divided into four sections (Padas). Moreover, he introduced Raja Yoga, which follows an eight-limbed path known as Ashtanga Yoga.

Part 2: Samadhi Pada – The First Section of Patanjali Yoga Sutras

In the second part, we examined Samadhi Pada, which focuses on Samadhi (meditative absorption)—the ultimate state of inner stillness. This section explains the different stages of Samadhi and emphasizes the importance of calming the mind to achieve deep spiritual insight. As a result, practitioners learn how to detach from worldly distractions and cultivate inner peace.

Part 3: The First Five Limbs of Ashtanga Yoga

This section focused on the first five limbs of Ashtanga Yoga, which lay the groundwork for deeper yogic practice. These foundational steps include:

• Yama – Ethical restraints, which help regulate social behavior.

• Niyama – Observances, which instill personal discipline.

• Asana – Physical postures, which prepare the body for meditation.

• Pranayama – Breath control, which balances energy flow.

• Pratyahara – Withdrawal of the senses, which strengthens inner awareness.

Since these steps build upon each other, they are crucial in mastering the mind and body. Consequently, they prepare the aspirant for higher states of meditation.

Part 4: The Last Three Limbs – Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi

Moving further, we explored the final three limbs of Ashtanga Yoga, which lead to profound spiritual realization. These advanced stages include:

• Dharana – Developing deep concentration, which enhances focus.

• Dhyana – Entering a state of uninterrupted meditation, which cultivates inner stillness.

• Samadhi – Attaining union with the higher self, which brings ultimate liberation.

In addition, we examined Vibhuti Pada, which describes the extraordinary abilities (Siddhis) that arise from dedicated meditative practice. Therefore, practitioners who attain these higher states experience heightened awareness and inner clarity.

Part 5: The Five Vrittis – Mental Modifications

Lastly, we analyzed the five types of Vrittis (mental fluctuations) that shape perception and consciousness. These include:

• Right Knowledge – Correct perception based on valid sources.

• Wrong Knowledge – Misinterpretation of reality.

• Imaginary Knowledge – Assumptions and illusions.

• Absence of Knowledge – Lack of awareness or forgetfulness.

• Memory of Past Knowledge – Retained impressions that influence thoughts.

Understanding these mental modifications is essential for overcoming distractions and achieving a state of inner stillness. Furthermore, recognizing and controlling these fluctuations allows practitioners to deepen their meditative practice.

What’s Next?

In this sixth installment, we shift our focus to Kriya Yoga, as introduced in Sadhana Pada. We will explore its three key practices—Tapas, Svadhyaya, and Ishwara Pranidhana—and their role in spiritual purification and self-transformation.

Now, this Blog will start with definition of “kriya yoga” Sutra: 2.1

sutra 2.1 "tapahsvadhyayeshvarapranidhanani kriyayogah" means=> Kriya Yoga is three fold- Austerity, study of scriptures and surrender to Supreme Being.

The first sutra of Sadhana Pada defines ” Kriya yoga” . Kriya yoga comprises of three actions : 1) Tapas, 2) Svadhyaya and 3) Isvara Pranidhana. We will discuss on the actions which are basically practices means Sadhana. Tapas: Tapas means fire. Fire burns. Here fire is referred to burning of mental impurities which is the first and foremost step towards Samadhi. Sometime Tapas is referred to austerity too.  Tapas is the first step, for the removal of Avidya( ignorance). It is also conservation of heat and energy in physical body through pranayama.

Tapas has to be considered as pain and that to be accepted as an inspiration for the purification of mind. Tapas is austerity which is a practice that helps to struggle and accept our life’s challenges happily. Austerity does not mean torturing the body or doing anything that weakens the faculties of mind. Practice of such austerity should help in bringing the ability to endure and overcome problems, sufferings with great strength. It is the foundation which gives rise to wisdom, peace and an inner joy. It builds a strong faith on Self. Wisdom, faith and fearlessness are the result of tapas.           

Tapas: The Fire of Purification

The word Tapas comes from the Sanskrit root “tap”, meaning to burn, heat, or purify. It refers to the discipline and austerity required to cleanse the mind and body.

Bhagavad Gita on Tapas (Chapter 4, Verse 7)

“As a kindled fire reduces wood to ashes, O Arjuna, so does the fire of knowledge burn to ashes all reactions (karmas) from material activities.” (Bhagavad Gita 4.7)

This verse signifies that the fire of knowledge (jnana-agni) destroys accumulated karma, present karma, and even the potential for future karma. In the same way, Tapas helps in burning away mental impurities across different states:

• Waking state – Eliminates negative thoughts and distractions

• Dreaming state – Purifies subconscious impressions

• Beyond dreams (deep sleep and beyond) – Cleanses deep-rooted samskaras (past impressions)

Through Tapas, the complexities in the mind—accumulated through previous births (samskaras)—are gradually burned away, leading to spiritual clarity and self-discipline.

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Svadhyaya: Self-Study & Scriptural Study

Svadhyaya has two meanings:

1. Study of spiritual texts – Reading scriptures to strengthen spiritual inclinations

2. Self-study (introspection) – Examining one’s own mind, emotions, and consciousness

Bhagavad Gita on Svadhyaya (Chapter 4, Verse 34)

“Learn the truth by approaching a spiritual master. Inquire from him submissively and render service unto him. The self-realized souls can impart knowledge unto you because they have seen the truth.” (Bhagavad Gita 4.34)

This verse emphasizes that:

• True knowledge comes from self-study and seeking guidance from a realized teacher

• Spiritual texts refine the intellect and awaken self-awareness

• Introspection leads to self-realization by understanding one’s own consciousness

By engaging in Svadhyaya, an aspirant looks inward and refines the intellect, eventually attaining deeper wisdom and clarity.

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Ishwara Pranidhana: Surrender to the Divine

Ishwara Pranidhana means dedicating one’s life to God (Ishwara). It is the practice of surrendering the ego and personal desires in devotion to the Supreme.

Understanding Ishwara Pranidhana

• Ishwara (God) represents inner awareness, the eternal Self within.

• Mind (Chitta) should be completely surrendered to the higher Self.

• Dedication extends to:

  • Service to humanity

  • Welfare of society and the nation

  • Protection of Mother Earth and beyond

Through unconditional surrender, an aspirant attains peace, clarity, and ultimate spiritual liberation.

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Kleshas: The Five Obstacles to Spiritual Growth

According to Patanjali Yoga Sutra 2.2, the purpose of Kriya Yoga is:

1. Samadhi-bhavana-arthah – To develop samadhi (spiritual absorption)

2. Klesha-tanukarana-arthah – To reduce and eliminate afflictions (kleshas)

What Are Kleshas? (Patanjali Yoga Sutra 2.3)

Kleshas are pain-bearing obstacles that prevent spiritual progress. There are five types:

1. Avidya (Ignorance) – Misunderstanding the true nature of the self

2. Asmita (Egoism) – Identifying the self with the body and mind

3. Raga (Attachment) – Clinging to desires and material pleasures

4. Dwesha (Aversion) – Resistance and dislike towards pain or discomfort

5. Abhinivesa (Fear of Death) – Deep-rooted attachment to physical existence

The Root of Kleshas (Patanjali Yoga Sutra 2.4)

“Avidya (ignorance) is the field where all kleshas arise, whether dormant, feeble, oscillating, or expanded.” (Yoga Sutra 2.4)

• Avidya (Ignorance) is the root cause of all afflictions.

• Egoism (Asmita) arises from ignorance.

• Attachment (Raga) is born from egoism.

• Aversion (Dwesha) develops when desires remain unfulfilled.

• Fear of death (Abhinivesa) emerges from aversion.

Just as a tree grows from a single seed, all kleshas originate from Avidya.

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The Four States of Kleshas

1. Dormant (Prasupta) – Hidden but present in latent form

2. Feeble (Tanu) – Weak but can arise under the right conditions

3. Oscillating (Vichhinna) – Alternating between active and inactive states

4. Expanded (Udhara) – Fully active, causing immense suffering

The goal of Kriya Yoga is to neutralize these kleshas, preventing them from manifesting in any state.

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The Ultimate Effect of Kriya Yoga

Once the kleshas are eliminated, the mind becomes clear and still, allowing the true Self to shine.

As Patanjali Yoga Sutra 2.5 states:
“Avidya considers the impermanent as permanent, the impure as pure, the painful as pleasurable, and the non-self as the self.”

By removing ignorance (Avidya) through Tapas, Svadhyaya, and Ishwara Pranidhana, the practitioner transcends suffering and attains self-realization.

https://archive.org/details/RajaYogaBySwamiVivekananda

Conclusion:

By now, we have understood that ignorance is the source of all kinds of distress in life. From sutra 2.1 to 2.5 we have covered and understood the “kleshas” and cause of kleshas. Our goal is to reach to the state of Samadhi after eliminating the kleshas. We have also learned that Avidya is the source of all kleshas and Avidya is collection of wrong and false knowledge. Therefore if we practice, we can remove kleshas means pain bearing obstacles. Through practice of kriya yoga, kleshas can be attenuated. Calmness of body and mind will come through Tapas. Through Svadhyaya will come true knowledge , self realisation and tranquillity of mind through Ishwara Pranidhana.

Overcoming Kleshas for a Tranquil Mind

To attain a peaceful and tranquil mind, one must understand and overcome the Kleshas (afflictions in yoga), which create obstacles on the path to self-realization. The Five Kleshas—Avidya (ignorance in yoga), Asmita (egoism in yoga), Raga (attachment in yoga), Dwesha (aversion in yoga), and Abhinivesa (fear of death in yoga)—are deeply embedded in the mind, shaping perceptions, emotions, and actions. These afflictions manifest as Vrittis (mental modifications in yoga), leading to restlessness and suffering. When left unchecked, they form conditioned patterns that reinforce illusions and prevent true inner peace.

The Path to Liberation through Yogic Practices

The practice of Tapas (austerity and discipline in yoga) helps purify the mind, burning away impurities through dedicated effort and self-restraint. Svadhyaya (self-study and scriptural study) strengthens inner wisdom, allowing the practitioner to recognize and dissolve deep-seated patterns of suffering. By surrendering to Ishwara Pranidhana (devotion and surrender to the Supreme Consciousness), one cultivates faith and acceptance, reducing ego-driven turmoil. When these elements are harmonized through Ashtanga Yoga and Kriya Yoga, the mind attains stillness, leading to Samadhi (deep meditative absorption) and ultimate liberation. Understanding and mastering these fundamental principles pave the way for inner peace, clarity, and true spiritual awakening.

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Multiple paths are there to attain enlightenment. Here we have concentrated upon the teachings given by Maharshi Patanjali through his Yoga sutra. If we can follow sincerely, the steps described in Yoga sutra, we can understand Avidya . We can  distinguish between permanent and impermanent, between Body and Consciousness. Advaita Vedanta also teaches about methods for removal of Avidya means ignorance in different way. In this connection readers may read my other blogs such as:  ” WISDOM OF FIVE SHEATHES”   and  ” What is Joy” (part-1)

My next blog will cover last chapter of Patanjali Yoga sutra" KAIVALYA PADA"  

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Notes:-  Having gone through all the books listed below, I have composed this blog as a concise text for Ashtanga Yoga.  

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Recommended readings:

1. Patanjali Yoga Sutras: commentary By Swami Vivekananda.
2. FOUR YOGAS OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA :Condensed and retold by Swami Tapasyananda.
3. Patanjal Yogasutra : Commentary , by Swami Premeshananda.
4. Inside the Yoga Sutras- By Reverend Jaganath Carrera.
5. Four Chapters on Freedom- By Swami Satyananda Saraswati.
6. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: Commentary on the Raja Yoga Sutras by Swami Satchitananda.

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While this discussion primarily focuses on Kriya Yoga as explained in the Patanjali Yoga Sutras, those interested in exploring different perspectives on Kriya Yoga may find this video insightful: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhxdKX2uFMg.

Continue your journey by reading Ashtanga Yoga – Part 2, where we discuss the first section of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras—Samadhi Pada.

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Dear Esteemed Readers,

I sincerely invite you to share your valuable opinions, thoughts, or any queries you may have regarding this topic. Your feedback is incredibly important to me, as it not only helps improve the clarity of the content but also fosters meaningful discussions. Moreover, if you have any suggestions to enhance the site’s appeal and readability, I would deeply appreciate your insights.

To truly grasp the essence of Ashtanga Yoga, I highly recommend reading all the posts in sequence. This will ensure a smooth and logical continuation of the topic, allowing you to understand each concept in its intended depth. Furthermore, staying engaged with the entire series will provide a holistic perspective on Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras and their profound wisdom.

For any inquiries, discussions, or suggestions, please feel free to reach out to me at arun7663@gmail.com. I look forward to hearing from you and engaging in thoughtful exchanges that enrich our collective understanding of yoga and spiritual evolution.

With gratitude,
Arun